The Founding and Early Years of the Ming Dynasty
The Ming dynasty was founded by Zhu Yuanzhang, a former Buddhist monk who became the Hongwu Emperor after leading a peasant rebellion against the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. During his reign, he established a new capital at Nanjing and implemented several policies aimed at strengthening central authority and promoting economic growth. These included standardizing currency, establishing a system of taxation based on land ownership rather than population size, and encouraging agriculture through incentives such as tax breaks for farmers.
Cultural Achievements during the Ming Era
The Ming period is often referred to as China's "Golden Age" due to its remarkable cultural achievements. During this time, China saw significant advancements in art, literature, technology, and philosophy. In terms of art alone, famous artists such as Wu Weiye created stunning works that showcased their mastery over various mediums like painting and calligraphy.
Trade Expansion under Zheng He's Maritime Expeditions
One of the most notable aspects of Ming history is Zheng He's maritime expeditions between 1405-1433 CE which expanded trade connections across Asia including India, Southeast Asia and East Africa with more than 300 ships participating in each expedition.
Confucianism & Imperial Examinations System
Confucianism played an essential role in shaping social hierarchy within society where scholars were highly valued for their knowledge of Confucius' teachings along with other classical texts called 'Four Books'. This led to establishment of Imperial Examination System which tested candidates on their knowledge thereby creating an elite class known as Scholar-officials who held positions throughout government bureaucracy.
Decline & Fall: Internal Weaknesses & External Threats
Despite its many accomplishments during its long reign spanning nearly four centuries (1368-1644), internal weaknesses such as corruption among officials coupled with external threats from Manchu people culminated into eventual downfall when defeated by them in Battle Of Tumu Fortress (1449) marking end to dynastic rule – beginning Qing dynasty era